佳芦河流域水土保持监测及土壤侵蚀评价

以佳芦河流域分辨率为0.38 m的航摄影像和5 m的DEM等为信息源,基于ArcGIS平台,获取了流域水土保持措施、土地利用、植被覆盖度、坡度、沟壑烈度等土壤侵蚀影响因子,依据《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》(SL 190—2007),对各因子进行叠加分析,对水蚀、风蚀区等不同侵蚀类型的土壤侵蚀强度进行了分析评价。结果表明,截至2012年9月,佳芦河流域有水土流失面积1068.89 km 2,占流域面积的94.26%,其中轻度、中度、强烈、极强烈、剧烈侵蚀面积分别为118.69、206.35、126.29、75.08、542.48 km 2;强烈及以上侵蚀面积占到水土流失面积的69.59%,其中强烈和极强烈侵蚀多发生在风蚀区,而剧烈侵蚀主要发生在水蚀区的沟道中。     

绿色屋顶降雨径流削减效果监测与过程模拟

选择平面、斜面、绿色、滞蓄4种不同形式屋顶,采用"液位计+三角堰"的径流测量方法,开展降雨径流对比监测。结果表明,相比平面与斜面屋顶平均径流系数(分别为0.68和0.84),绿色与滞蓄屋顶平均径流系数分别为0.41和0.43,均明显有所减小,并且数值相差不大,反映出相近的径流总量削减效应。比较分析绿色与滞蓄屋顶降雨径流过程,2类屋顶径流过程接近,产流后水流运动机制相似,均受上部积水水头作用影响,并以孔流(孔隙、孔口)形式出流,可以采用相似的水库概念模型进行简化模拟。根据土壤水饱和下渗理论,考虑到绿色屋顶基质层厚度有限,推导建立了描述绿色屋顶饱和产流后降雨径流过程的基本方程,并应用于模拟绿色屋顶降雨径流过程。结果表明,径流过程计算值与实测值间决定系数值为0.85、Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数值为0.84,初步验证了模型的合理性。研究成果有助于深入认识绿色屋顶对降雨径流的削减效应与出流机制。     

中国农耕区土壤有机质含量及其与酸碱度和容重关系

对我国农耕区土壤有机质区域变化及其与酸碱度和容重关系进行系统分析，为耕地地力提升和改善土壤结构提供支撑。基于国家级耕地长期定位监测点913个，统计分析全国及7大区域（东北NE、华北NC、西北NW、长江中游MYR、长三角YRD、华南SC、西南SW）耕层土壤有机质含量、酸碱度及容重变化特征。结果表明，全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量平均值为22.4~24.8 g/kg。其中有机质含量中等偏低的监测点位占比达72.5%。不同区域耕层土壤有机质含量差异显著（p<0.05），MYR耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于其他6个区域。全国农耕区耕层土壤pH和容重平均分别为（6.90±1.20），（1.30±0.15） g/cm³。不同土壤利用方式对土壤有机质、酸碱度及容重产生影响。水田耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于旱地，旱地耕层土壤pH和容重则显著高于水田。亚当斯方程和指数函数分别推荐拟合土壤容重对有机质含量响应关系（R²=0.09，RMSE=0.17，n=759），以及土壤pH对土壤有机质含量响应（R²=0.16，RMSE=1.24，n=886）。全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量总体中等偏低，呈现出东南向西北依次降低趋势。土壤pH及容重与土壤有机质呈现显著的负相关关系。亚当斯模型及指数方程能较好地拟合土壤容重及pH对有机质的响应关系，可用于非线性插值法补充土壤容重及pH缺失值。     

System for quasi‐continuous simultaneous measurement of oxygen diffusion rate and redox potential in soil

Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and redox potential (E_H) are quantitative indices representing oxygen availability and redox status in soils, which is valuable information for better understanding causes and effects of soil aeration. Because these indices are spatially and temporally highly variable, continuous measurements and adequate numbers of repetitions are essential for accurate in situ monitoring. Here, we present a new, fully automated recording system for in situ measurements where ODR and E_H are measured at the same platinum electrode. The conflict between electrode polarization for ODR and the resulting biased E_H readings is solved by reducing the polarization time and introducing a recovery interval between two consecutive measurement cycles. The shorter polarization time ensures accurate E_H readings. It also results in moderately overestimated ODR readings, but this can be corrected before data analysis. The recovery interval restricts temporal resolution of the E_H‐ODR data pairs to 8 h. We illustrate the use of the system with measurements in a field experiment in Zürich, Switzerland. ODR curves at different depths ran roughly parallel to the corresponding curves of O₂ concentration in soil air but ODR was much more sensitive to precipitation. Low ODR was a necessary but not a sufficient condition for declining E_H. E_H ran parallel to O₂ concentration in soil air rather than to ODR. The fully automated system allows for time series of replicate measurements in multifactorial field studies with reasonable labor requirements. It may be particularly suitable for studies examining the effects of soil tillage, compaction, and irrigation, where structure‐related soil properties such as porosity, gas permeability, and soil aeration play a dominant role.     

蜂群箱体关键参数在线监测系统与性能测试

随着信息技术的发展，利用大数据分析、物联网监控、传感器感知、无线通信等技术构建一种蜂箱蜂群实时在线监测系统，是减少因开箱检查造成蜂群应激反应的可行解决方案。本研究针对蜂箱封闭环境进行实时监测困难的现状，利用STM32F103VBT6 32位微控制器，同时融合了温湿度传感器、微麦克风以及激光对射传感器，开发了一套低功耗、可连续工作的蜂群箱体关键参数在线监测系统，实现了养蜂生产过程中多参数信息获取以及蜂箱内蜂群的环境参数和生活状态的实时在线监测。系统主要包括核心处理模块、数据采集模块、数据发送模块以及数据库服务器等。数据采集模块包括蜂箱内部温湿度采集单元、蜂群声音采集单元、蜜蜂进出巢数量计数单元等，通过接入移动通信网络进行数据传输。系统现场部署性能测试结果表明，研制的系统能够实时监测蜂箱内温湿度，有效区别进出蜂箱的蜜蜂并记录进出巢门的蜜蜂数量，且自动获取的蜂群声音与标准的蜂群声音分布相吻合。本系统符合设计要求，采集参数准确可靠，可以作为蜂群相关研究的数据采集方法。     

棉田土壤养分分析与土壤墒情监测系统应用

【目的】研究土壤养分的空间变异程度及分布规律,为该区域科学施肥提供依据。【方法】以新疆生产建设兵团第八师石河子总场六分场数字农业示范田为研究区域,应用土壤墒情监测系统、GIS与地统计学的方法,对棉田土壤含水量与温度进行实时采集、分析并存储在服务器里面,分析石河子总场土壤含水量和温度变化规律、棉田土壤养分空间分布特点及变异规律。【结果】(1)根据监测数据分析,随着灌水量增加和棉花生育期推进,上层0~30 cm比下层40~60 cm的土壤含水量变化趋势明显。0~20 cm土层土壤补偿水比较充分,各个监测点土壤含水量基本维持在比较适宜的范围内。土壤各层温度受大气温度影响并随着土层深度的加深而减弱,随着土层深度的逐渐加深滞后时间相对延长;受棉株逐渐长高变大以后遮阴等造成的影响,7月以后各土层温度逐渐持平,波动不大。(2)土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾均呈现出中等程度变异;(3)土壤速效钾的块金值在25%~75%(块金值为0.497)表现为中等空间自相关性外,土壤全氮、速效磷指标的块金系数小于25%表现为强烈的空间自相关性。【结论】应用土壤墒情实时监测系统指导棉田灌溉,较往年没有任何减产减质的情况下,棉花灌溉在全生育期内比以往灌溉次数下降了1~3次,节约水资源约20%左右。研究区域内土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾变异呈现中等程度变异特征,全氮、速效磷表现为极强空间自相关性,速效钾表现为中等强度的空间相关性。     

生态文明视域下草原治理体系构建研究

草原是我国面积最大的陆地生态系统，既是我国重要的生态安全屏障，也是广大农牧民赖以生存的家园。为深入贯彻习近平生态文明思想，落实山水林田湖草沙系统治理的理念，推进草原保护修复和高效利用，本研究结合"十四五"林业和草原保护发展规划纲要，提出了构建草原监测评价体系、草原保护体系、草原生态修复体系、草原执法监管体系、现代草业体系、支撑保障体系等草原治理体系，旨在为推进草原治理体系和治理能力现代化提供参考。     

Demographic trends in Claremont California’s street tree population

The aim of this study was to quantify street tree population dynamics in the city of Claremont, CA. A repeated measures survey (2000 and 2014) based on a stratified random sampling approach across size classes and for the most abundant 21 species was analyzed to calculate removal, growth, and replacement planting rates. Demographic rates were estimated using a hierarchical Bayesian framework. The community-level (all species) median growth rate was 1.41% per year (95% CI: 1.21–1.65%) with Pinus brutia and Pistacia chinensis growing significantly faster than the community-level median. The community-level median removal rate was 1.03% per year (95% CI: 0.66–1.68%), with no significant differences between species and the community-level medium. Once removed, only 7.2% (95% CI: 4.4–12.9%) were replaced annually. Presence of overhead utility lines influenced tree removal rates while age, diameter-at-breast-height, and prior tree condition influenced tree growth. Overall live aboveground biomass in sampled sites was 713.29 Mg in 2000 and increased to 877.36 Mg by 2014. Biomass gain from growth outweighed loss from removals nearly three-fold; replacement contributed 0.5% of the total biomass gain. We conclude that to increase the resilience of the street tree population will require 1) an increase in percent of full stocking or biomass stock and 2) a shift in the species palette to favor species less vulnerable to pests and expected disturbance from climate change and 3) ongoing monitoring to detect departures from baseline demographic rates.